1. Redaelli A, Laskin BL, Stephens JM et al. A systematic literature review of the clinical and epidemiological burden of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2005;14:53-62.
2. Pieters R, Hunger S, Boos J et al. L-asparaginase treatment in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer 2011;117:238-249.
3. Pui C-H, Evans WE. Drug therapy: Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2006;354:166-178.
4. Leukemia & Lymphoma Society - http://www.lls.org/content/nationalcontent/resourcecenter/freeeducationmaterials/leukemia/pdf/all.pdf
5. Faderl S, Jeha S, Kantarjian HM. The biology and therapy of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer 2003;98:1337–1354
6. Wall AM, Rubnitz JE. Pharmacogenomic effects on therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. Pharmacogenomics J 2003;3:128–135
7. Cancer Treatment Centers of America, http://www.cancercenter.com
8. National Cancer Institute - http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/childALL/Patient
9. Stock W, La M, Sanford B et al. What determines the outcomes for adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on cooperative group protocols? Blood, 1 September 2008 volume 112, number 5: 1646-1652
10. Pui CH, Pei D, Campana D et al. Improved prognosis for older adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:386–391
11. Gökbuget N, Hoelzer D. Treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2006:133–141
12. Souham R, Tobias J. Cancer and its management. Blackwell 2005, 5th edition
13. Patel B, Rai L, Buck G et al. Minimal residual disease is a significant predictor of treatment failure in non T-lineage adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: final results of the international trial UKALL XII/ECOG2993. Br J Haematol 2010;148:80–89
14. Müller HJ, Boos J. Use of L-asparaginase in childhood ALL. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1998;28:97–113
15. Avramis VI, Tiwari PN. Asparaginase (native ASNase or pegylated ASNase) in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int J Nanomedicine 2006;1:241-254
16. Asselin BL, Whitin JC, Coppola DJ et al. Comparative pharmacokinetic studies of three asparaginase preparations. J Clin Oncol 1993;11:1780–1786
17. Asselin B. The three asparaginases: comparative pharmacology and optimal use in childhood leukemia. In: Kaspers et al, eds. Drug resistance in Leukemia and Lymphoma III. 1999:621–629
18. Ertel IJ, Nesbit ME, Hammond D et al. Effective dose of L-asparaginase for induction of remission in previously treated children with acute lymphocytic leukemia: a report from Children's Cancer Study Group. Cancer Res 1979;39:3893–3896
19. Silverman LB, Gelber RD, Dalton VK et al. Improved outcome for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of Dana-Farber Consortium Protocol 91-01. Blood 2001;97:1211–1218
20. Ogawa C, Ohara A, Manabe A et al. Tokyo Children's Cancer Study Group (TCCSG) Study L99–15. Blood 2005;106:abstract 878
21. Avramis VI, Sencer S, Periclou AP et al. A randomized comparison of native Escherichia coli asparaginase and polyethylene glycol conjugated asparaginase for treatment of children with newly diagnosed standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children's Cancer Group study. Blood 2002;99:1986–1994
22. Zalewska-Szewczyk B, Andrzejewski W, Mlynarski W et al. The anti-asparagine antibodies correlate with L-asparagine activity and may affect clinical outcome of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2007;48:931–936
23. Wetzler M, Sanford BL, Kurtzberg J et al. Effective asparagine depletion with pegylated asparaginase results in improved outcomes in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study 9511. Blood 2007;109:4164–4167
24. Zalewska-Szewczyk B, Wyka K, Adrianowska N et al. The humoral immune response during the L-asparaginase therapy: three classes of antibodies. Poster presented at EHA. 4–7 June 2009
25. Otega JA, Nesbit ME Jr, Donaldson MH et al. L-asparaginase, vincristine, and prednisone for the induction of first remission in acute lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Res 1977;37:535–540
26. Pession A, Valsecchi MG, Masera G et al. Long-term results of a randomized trial on extended use of high dose L-asparaginase for standard risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:7161–7167
27. Amylon MD, Shuster J, Pullen J et al. Intensive high-dose asparaginase consolidation improves survival for pediatric patients with T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and advanced stage lymphoblastic lymphoma: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Leukemia 1999;13:335–342
28. Sallan SE, Hitchcock-Bryan S, Gelber R et al. Influence of intensive asparaginase in the treatment of childhood non-T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Res 1983;43:5601–5607
29. Raetz EA, Salzer WL. Tolerability and efficacy of L-asparaginase therapy in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2010;32:554–563
30. Albertsen BK, Schroder H, Jakobsen P et al. Antibody formation during intravenous and intramuscular therapy with Erwinia asparaginase. Med Pediatr Oncol 2002;38:310–316
31. Vrooman LM, Supko JG, Neuberg DS et al. Erwinia asparaginase after allergy to E. coli asparaginase in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:199–205
32. Woo MH, Hak LJ, Storm MC et al. Hypersensitivity or development of antibodies to asparaginase does not impact treatment outcome of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:1525–1532
33. Hawkins DS, Park JR, Thompson BG et al. Asparaginase pharmacokinetics after extensive polyethylene glycol-conjugated L-asparaginase therapy for children with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2004:10:5335–5341
34. Rosen O, Muller HJ, Gokbuget N, et al. Pegylated asparaginase in combination with high-dose methotrexate for consolidation in adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in first remission: a pilot study. Br J Haematol 2003 ; 123 : 836 -41
35. Muller HJ, Loning L, Horn A, et al.Pegylated asparaginase (Oncaspar®) in children with ALL: drug monitoring in reinduction according to the ALL/NHL-BFM 95 protocols. Br J Haematol 2000 ; 110 : 379 -84
36. Gonzalez D, Saez S, Rodilla M et al. Hypersensitivity reactions to chemotherapy drugs. Alergol Inmunol Clin 2000;15:161–181
37. Larson RA et al. Hypersensitivity reactions to L-asparaginase do not impact on the remission duration of adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 1998;12:660–665
38. Oncaspar® Prescribing Information, 2011; Sigma-Tau Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
39. Erwinaze™ prescribing information, 2011; EUSA Pharma (USA), Inc
40. Wang B, Relling MV, Storm MC et al. Evaluation of immunologic crossreaction of antiasparaginase antibodies in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymphoma patients. Leukemia 2003;17:1583–1588
41. Panosyan EH, Seibel NL, Martin-Aragon S for the Children's Cancer Group Study CCG-1961. Asparaginase antibody and asparaginase activity in children with higher-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Children's Cancer Group Study CCG-1961. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2004;26:217–226
42. Duval M, Suciu S, Ferster A, et al: Comparison of Escherichia coli-asparaginase with Erwinia asparaginase in the treatment of childhood lymphoid malignancies: Results of a randomized European organisation for research and treatment of cancer-children's leukemia group phase 3 trial. Blood 99(8):2734-2739, 2002
43. Silverman LB, Levy DE, Dalton VK, et al: Outcome of Dana-Farber cancer institute (DFCI) consortium protocol 95-01 for children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). . ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 104(11):679, 2004
44. Vieira Pinheiro JP, Ahlke E, Nowak-Gottl U, et al: Pharmacokinetic dose adjustment of erwinia asparaginase in protocol II of the paediatric ALL/NHL-BFM treatment protocols. Br J Haematol 104(2):313-320, 1999
45. Albertsen BK, Schroder H, Ingerslev J, et al: Comparison of intramuscular therapy with erwinia asparaginase and asparaginase Medac: Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, formation of antibodies and influence on the coagulation system. Br J Haematol 115(4):983-990, 2001
46. Albertsen BK, Schroder H, Jakobsen P, et al: Monitoring of erwinia asparaginase therapy in childhood ALL in the Nordic countries. Br J Clin Pharmacol 52(4):433-437, 2001
47. Albertsen BK, Jakobsen P, Schroder H, et al: Pharmacokinetics of erwinia asparaginase after intravenous and intramuscular administration. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 48(1):77-82, 2001
48. Avramis VI, Panosyan EH: Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships of asparaginase formulations: The past, the present and recommendations for the future. Clin Pharmacokinet 44(4):367-393, 2005
49. Jarrar M, Gaynon PS, Periclou AP, et al: Asparagine depletion after pegylated E. Coli asparaginase treatment and induction outcome in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first bone marrow relapse: A children's oncology group study (CCG-1941). Pediatr Blood Cancer 47(2):141-146, 2006
50. Panosyan EH, Grigoryan RS, Avramis IA, et al: Deamination of glutamine is a prerequisite for optimal asparagine deamination by asparaginases in vivo (CCG-1961). Anticancer Res 24(2C):1121-1125, 2004
Elspar is a registered trademark of Merck & Co., Inc.
Oncaspar is a registered trademark of Sigma-Tau Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Erwinaze: trademark pending in the name of the Health Protection Agency
Code: E-0022-11 Date of preparation: November 2011
CONTRAINDICATIONS: Hx of serious hypersensitivity to Erwinaze, including anaphylaxis; Hx of serious pancreatitis, thrombosis or hemorrhage with prior L-asparaginase therapy.
WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS: Discontinue if serious hypersensitivity, including anaphylaxis, OR severe or hemorrhagic pancreatitis occur. Monitor glucose (intolerance may not be reversible); With thrombosis and hemorrhage: discontinue until resolved. Use in pregnant women only if clearly needed. Do not use in lactating women.
COMMON (≥ 1%) ADVERSE REACTIONS: Serious hypersensitivity, including anaphylaxis, pancreatitis, abnormal transaminases, coagulation abnormalities, nausea, vomiting, and hyperglycemia.
Please see full Prescribing Information.
This site is only intended for residents of the United States.
